Topic VII. Causal Claims in the Messy Real World
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LEARNING GOALS
- B. CONCEPT ACQUISITION
- In many cases it is not possible to conduct a true RCT to test causality, for practical or ethical reasons.
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EXAMPLES
- Exemplary Quotes
- “There is an answer to this causal question. Just because we can’t ethically do a randomized controlled study with these patients, it doesn’t mean that we can’t make progress establishing the causal link between these treatment options and the outcome. After all, we have pretty good evidence that the energy from the sun is caused by nuclear fusion and we haven’t done any randomized controlled experiments!”
- Cautionary Quotes: Mistakes, Misconceptions, & Misunderstandings
- "Since we can't run a randomized controlled trial on whether CO2 emissions cause global warming, we can't ever know whether it does."
LEARNING GOALS
- C. CONCEPT APPLICATION
- Identify cases in which ‘ideal’ experiments are not possible, due to ethical or practical constraints.